The temperatures are state-wide averages calculated from temperatures recorded during the months of December, January and February. December saw a return to near-normal temperatures for most of the continent, although temperatures at South Pole station hit an all-time record high of 9.9°F on December 25, 2011. Modern researchers in the Arctic also benefit from computer models. Experts have frequently described that imbalance by saying that the Arctic is warming at twice the rate of the global average. Today's satellite instruments provide routine views of not only cloud, snow, and sea-ice conditions in the Arctic, but also of other, perhaps less-expected, variables, including surface and atmospheric temperatures, atmospheric moisture content, winds, and ozone concentration. Although heatwaves in the Arctic are not uncommon, the persistent higher-than-average temperatures this year have potentially devastating consequences for the rest of the world. To see the details, select the country and then the city of your interest. Over the Arctic Ocean the snow cover on the sea ice disappears and ponds of melt water start to form on the sea ice, further reducing the amount of sunlight the ice reflects and helping more ice melt. Of January observations reporting precipitation, 95% to 99% of them indicate it was frozen. Temperature … Less than two weeks ago, the small Siberian town of Verkhoyansk soared to 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, appearing to break an all-time record for the Arctic and alarming meteorologists worldwide. In 2018 he published a study about a summer phenomenon he calls quasi-resonant amplification (QRA) in which atmospheric waves and jet streams tend to slow down or even get stuck, leading to a blocked pattern. The ERA40 reanalysis data set from ECMWF, has been applied to calculate daily mean temperatures for the period from 1958 to 2002. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2007: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1978: USSR State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environment, and The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (chief editor A.F. These factors result in a negligible input of solar energy to the Arctic in winter; the only things keeping the Arctic from continuously cooling all winter are the transport of warmer air and ocean water into the Arctic from the south and the transfer of heat from the subsurface land and ocean (both of which gain heat in summer and release it in winter) to the surface and atmosphere. [2] However, in the six months from the September equinox to March equinox the North Pole receives no sunlight. These regions receive many weakening cyclones from the North-Atlantic storm track, which is most active in winter. Writing on Twitter, the Russian state weather authority said: "In Verkhoyansk from June 18 to June 28, 2020, the maximum temperature exceeded 86° F… with a peak on June 20 to 100.4°. pic.twitter.com/29u87uJ88o, Zack Labe, a postdoc in the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University and an expert on Arctic climate, told CBS News that while he is concerned by the recent heat, he is more unnerved by its staying power. The volume of Arctic sea-ice in the month of September 2019 (after the melting season) has declined by more than 50% compared to the mean value for 1979–2019. The dry winters result from the low frequency of cyclones in the region during that time, and the region's distance from warm open water that could provide a source of moisture (Serreze and Barry 2005). [12], According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "warming of the climate system is unequivocal", and the global-mean temperature has increased by 0.6 to 0.9 °C (1.1 to 1.6 °F) over the last century. Due to the lack of major population centres in the Arctic, weather and climate observations from the region tend to be widely spaced and of short duration compared to the midlatitudes and tropics. The average temperature in the arctic circle averages about 37-54 degrees Farentheight during the summer and -30 degrees Farentheight during the... See full answer below. The temperature averaged over all land in Arctic Siberia combined was more than 5 degrees above normal, and more than a degree higher than in 2018 and 2019, the two previous warmest Junes. In addition the length of each day, which is determined by the season, has a significant impact on the climate. He decided to use this motion by freezing a specially designed ship, the Fram, into the sea ice and allowing it to be carried across the ocean. Corrections are made to data to account for this uncaught precipitation, but they are not perfect and introduce some error into the climatologies (Serreze and Barry 2005). Mean … The southern third of Greenland protrudes into the North-Atlantic storm track, a region frequently influenced by cyclones. In some isolated pockets, the temperature is more than 20°C (30 - 40F) above the expected average. The rest of the seas have ice cover for some part of the winter and spring, but lose that ice during the summer. "In response to the recent heat wave, the extent of Arctic sea has dropped like a rock in the Laptev Sea and the entire Siberian coastline. Following World War II, the Arctic, lying between the USSR and North America, became a front line of the Cold War, inadvertently and significantly furthering our understanding of its climate. The United Nations said Tuesday it was working to verify reports of a new Arctic record temperature of 38 degrees Celsius (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit) in a Siberian town over the weekend. This effect is most pronounced with more warming. Despite the low precipitation totals in winter, precipitation frequency is higher in January, when 25% to 35% of observations reported precipitation, than in July, when 20% to 25% of observations reported precipitation (Serreze and Barry 2005). These frequent cyclones lead to larger annual precipitation totals than over most of the Arctic. In other words, if hypothetically you were able to live in that area for 100,000 years, statistically speaking you should only experience such an extreme period of temperatures one time. Temperature in the Russian Arctic Circle reached 30C yesterday. [13], A study published in the journal Science in September 2009 determined that temperatures in the Arctic are higher presently than they have been at any time in the previous 2,000 years. This map shows the location of Arctic research facilities during the mid-1970s and the tracks of drifting stations between 1958 and 1975. As a result, precipitation amounts over these parts of the basin are larger in winter than those given above. [5] Precipitation is frequent in winter, with measurable totals falling on an average of 20 days each January in the Norwegian Sea (USSR 1985). There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Accurate climatologies of precipitation amount are more difficult to compile for the Arctic than climatologies of other variables such as temperature and pressure. For comparison, annual precipitation averaged over the whole planet is about 1,000 mm (39 in); see Precipitation). Temperature in the Russian Arctic Circle reached 30C yesterday. (1400m asl) @WeatherProf . Where it does rise, the days are short, and the sun's low position in the sky means that, even at noon, not much energy is reaching the surface. In the interior, temperatures are kept from rising much above freezing because of the snow-covered surface but can drop to −30 °C (−22 °F) even in July. The Arctic is among the fastest warming regions in the world and is heating at twice the global average. The Arctic is warming at a rate of almost twice the global average. Simply put, as average temperatures increase, extreme heat days become even more prominent. Download : Download full-size image; Figure 8.30. Air temperatures, at the standard measuring height of about 2 meters above the surface, can rise a few degrees above freezing between late May and September, though they tend to be within a degree of freezing, with very little variability during the height of the melt season. Note the 5σ deviation in northwestern Siberia, would be a 1 in 100000 year event for a normal distribution of anomalies without climate change. Annual precipitation totals increase quickly from about 400 mm (16 in) in the northern to about 1,400 mm (55 in) in the southern part of the region. Low spring and summer cloud frequency and the high elevation, which reduces the amount of solar radiation absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere, combine to give this region the most incoming solar radiation at the surface out of anywhere in the Arctic. The Arctic Basin is typically covered by sea ice year round, which strongly influences its summer temperatures. The straits between these islands often remain covered by sea ice throughout the summer. Arctic Weather Map. The map shows the 10-year average (2000–2009) global mean temperature anomaly relative to the 1951–1980 mean. 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[15][16][17] The largest rises have occurred since 1950, with four of the five warmest decades in the last 2,000 years occurring between 1950 and 2000. Much of the precipitation reported in winter is very light, possibly diamond dust. These regions are slightly warmer than the Archipelago because of their closer proximity to areas of thin, first-year sea ice cover or to open ocean in the Baffin Bay and Greenland Sea. The Soviet navy also operated in the Arctic, including a sailing of the nuclear-powered ice breaker Arktika to the North Pole in 1977, the first time a surface ship reached the pole. Labe is amazed by the impact. The maps on the right show the average temperature over the Arctic in January and July, generally the coldest and warmest months. Since that high point 6,500 years ago, the record shows the globe was steadily cooling. A Serbian heatwave, unusually high temperatures in Northern Russia, and the early decline of last year’s sea ice have all contributed to the region’s sea temperature rising a whopping 5-degrees Celsius above average.This rise in temperature has, in turn, resulted in the lack of Arctic … The Labrador, Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents Seas and Denmark and Davis Straits are strongly influenced by the cyclones in the North Atlantic storm track, which is most active in winter. January, February, and early March have uniform conditions with mean temperatures about −35 °F (−37 °C) in the central Siberian Arctic and −30 to −20 °F (−34 to −29 °C) in North America. The coldest location in the Northern Hemisphere is not in the Arctic, but rather in the interior of Russia's Far East, in the upper-right quadrant of the maps. Annual average 2-m temperature anomalies in the Arctic (67°N+) for various reanalysis data sets. The confirmation came the same day a comprehensive new study was released suggesting that present-day global temperatures are the warmest they have been in at least 12,000 years, and possibly far longer. Fifty years after the first IPY, in 1932 to 1933, a second IPY was organized. The lowest extreme temperatures in the winter are between −65 and −50 °F (−54 and −46 °C). By July and August, most of the land is bare and absorbs more than 80% of the sun's energy that reaches the surface. Average temperatures for June in Arctic Siberia relative to the 1981-2010 average. The presence of the islands, most of which lose their snow cover in summer, allows the summer temperatures to rise well above freezing. South Pole At the South Pole, 2,800 meters (9,200 feet) above sea level, the average annual temperature is -49 °C (-56 °F), ranging from about -28 °C (-18 °F) in January to about -59.5 °C (-74.5 °F) in July. This is … Furthermore, most of the small amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface is reflected away by the bright snow cover. Neither the models nor the data are perfect, so these maps may differ from other estimates of surface temperatures; in particular, most Arctic climatologies show temperatures over the central Arctic Ocean in July averaging just below freezing, a few degrees lower than these maps show [2][3](USSR, 1985)[citation needed]. Variations in cloud cover can cause significant variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface at locations with the same latitude. Annual precipitation amounts given below for Greenland are from Figure 6.5 in Serreze and Barry (2005). None of this comes as a surprise to climate scientists who have been sounding the alarms about the impacts of global warming for decades. During the 46-year period when weather records were kept on Shemya Island, in the southern Bering Sea, the average temperature of the coldest month (February) was −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) and that of the warmest month (August) was 9.7 °C (49.5 °F); temperatures never dropped below −17 °C (1 °F) or rose above 18 °C (64 °F); Western Regional Climate Center). Since there is no sunlight, the thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere is one of this region's main sources of energy in winter. The first major effort by Europeans to study the meteorology of the Arctic was the First International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882 to 1883. Source: ERA5. Cold snow reflects between 70% and 90% of the solar radiation that reaches it,[2] and snow covers most of the Arctic land and ice surface in winter. This ice acts to keep the surface temperature at freezing, just as it does over the Arctic Basin, so a location on a strait would likely have a summer climate more like the Arctic Basin, but with higher maximum temperatures because of winds off of the nearby warm islands. By May, temperatures are rising, as 24-hour daylight reaches many areas, but most of the Arctic is still snow-covered, so the Arctic surface reflects more than 70% of the sun's energy that reaches it over all areas but the Norwegian Sea and southern Bering Sea, where the ocean is ice free, and some of the land areas adjacent to these seas, where the moderating influence of the open water helps melt the snow early.[2]. So far in 2020, three cities in South Florida, including Miami, have experienced 121 record warm temperatures and only one record cold reading. The Arctic is ocean surrounded by land. Minimum temperatures in this region in winter are around −50 °C (−58 °F). In 1966 the first deep ice core in Greenland was drilled at Camp Century, providing a glimpse of climate through the last ice age. Average winter temperatures range from a high of 67.4 degrees Fahrenheit (19.7 degrees Celsius) in Hawaii to a low of 2.6 °F (-16.3 °C) in Alaska. This map was made in the 1970s, and the extent of sea ice has decreased since then (see below), but this still gives a reasonable overview. Sea ice is relatively thin, generally less than about 4 m (13 ft), with thicker ridges (NSIDC). In central Canada, temperatures this week along the shores of Hudson Bay are maxing out in the 90s. Average temperatures in summer are above freezing over all regions except the central Arctic Basin, where sea ice survives through the summer, and interior Greenland[citation needed]. [2] Another significant moment in Arctic observing before World War II occurred in 1937 when the USSR established the first of over 30 North-Pole drifting stations. The observations that are available show that precipitation amounts vary by about a factor of 10 across the Arctic, with some parts of the Arctic Basin and Canadian Archipelago receiving less than 150 mm (5.9 in) of precipitation annually, and parts of southeast Greenland receiving over 1,200 mm (47 in) annually. Download : Download full-size image; Figure 8.29. This program operated continuously, with 30 stations in the Arctic from 1950 to 1991. [14], Climate models predict that the temperature increase in the Arctic over the next century will continue to be about twice the global average temperature increase. For this reason, travelers to the Arctic are urged to pack warm clothing, even if they are traveling during the summer. The official confirmation was requested by the World Meteorological Organization. The average Arctic winter temperature is -30° F (-34°C), while the average Arctic summer temperature is 37-54° F (3-12° C). A cloudy sky can emit much more energy toward the surface than a clear sky, so when it is cloudy in winter, this region tends to be warm, and when it is clear, this region cools quickly.[2]. Due to the scarcity of long-term weather records in Greenland, especially in the interior, this precipitation climatology was developed by analyzing the annual layers in the snow to determine annual snow accumulation (in liquid equivalent) and was modified on the coast with a model to account for the effects of the terrain on precipitation amounts. It shows the average temperature in the coldest months is in the −30s, and the temperature rises rapidly from April to May; July is the warmest month, and the narrowing of the maximum and minimum temperature lines shows the temperature does not vary far from freezing in the middle of summer; from August through December the temperature drops steadily. Severe wildfires burning 8 times more area in western U.S. The daily mean temperature of the Arctic area north of the 80th northern parallel is estimated from the average of the 00z and 12z analysis for all model grid points inside that area. For the period before modern thermometers, they relied on a variety of temperature estimates based on what scientists call proxy records — clues like fossils buried in sediments, such as shells and pollen, that reveal what climate conditions were like in the ancient past. Show. Geophysical research letters, 34(9). The team engaged in an extremely exhaustive process reconstructing a 12,000-year temperature record ending in 1950. Civilian scientific research on the ground has certainly continued in the Arctic, and it is getting a boost from 2007 to 2009 as nations around the world increase spending on polar research as part of the third International Polar Year. During these ice ages, large areas of northern North America and Eurasia were covered by ice sheets similar to the one found today on Greenland; Arctic climate conditions would have extended much further south, and conditions in the present-day Arctic region were likely colder. Now global temperatures have risen about 2 degrees Fahrenheit above that baseline, leading to the conclusion that Earth is currently warmer than that warm period 6,500 years ago. [15] The last decade was the warmest in the record.[18]. In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing. ", #Arctic sea ice extent near Siberia remains well below any previous year in the satellite era record... pic.twitter.com/Bm85gWA0SJ. This report also states that "most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely [greater than 90% chance] due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations." On average, these motions carry sea ice from the Russian side of the Arctic Ocean into the Atlantic Ocean through the area east of Greenland, while they cause the ice on the North American side to rotate clockwise, sometimes for many years. This caused Fridtjof Nansen to realize that the sea ice was moving from the Siberian side of the Arctic to the Atlantic side. The higher temperatures have grave effects on the permafrost that is melting rapidly across the region. Ice that has broken off from the Eqip Sermia Glacier, also called the Eqi Glacier, drifts past shore during unseasonably warm weather on August 1, 2019 at Eqip Sermia, Greenland, about 350 km north of the Arctic Circle. But it's unusual for warmer-than-average temperatures to continue for so long -- temperatures in Siberia have stayed well-above average since 2019. During these two years thousands of scientists from over 60 nations will co-operate to carry out over 200 projects to learn about physical, biological, and social aspects of the Arctic and Antarctic (IPY). The Arctic Winter From December to March, most areas in the Arctic have an average daily temperature which is less than -20°C, with the coldest month often being February – as opposed to January in other Canadian localities. The Arctic Weather Map below shows the weather forecast for the next 12 days. Another benefit from the Cold War was the acquisition of observations from United States and Soviet naval voyages into the Arctic. The lowest officially recorded temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) which occurred in Oymyakon on 6 February 1933, as well as in Verkhoyansk on 5 and 7 February 1892, respectively.
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